On experiencing difficulty in getting pregnant, the first step is to assess the fertility of both partners. According to studies, either spouse, male or woman, can be infertile. The article will focus on male infertility treatment. While sperm parameters are far from perfect, they can help a couple choose what type of treatment they require.
The male infertility test comprises a complete semen analysis that measures a variety of characteristics such as sperm count, concentration, and motility. Compared to many other tests used to identify infertile couples, semen analysis reports are globally standardized. The standardization of sperm concentration and semen volume measurement enables a more precise calculation of sperm production.
Here are the following things tested for during a semen analysis:
Volume
The volume of a man’s ejaculate is measured in milliliters. The WHO defines 1.5 ml as the lower reference limit and anything between 1.5 and 5 ml is considered normal. Low volumes may suggest partial or full obstruction or malfunction in the seminal vesicles or prostate.
Sperm Density
Sperm density, also known as sperm concentration, is a measurement of the amount of sperm in a man’s ejaculate, or how many million sperm per milliliter is available.
The WHO considers a sperm count of 15 million/mL or higher to be appropriate. A decrease in numbers might suggest that the testicles are not producing sperm as expected, indicating Oligozoospermia, a possible sign of male infertility.
Sperm Count
Total sperm count, often known as total sperm number, refers to the total number of spermatozoa in the ejaculate. According to WHO, the bottom reference limit (5th percentile) is 39 million per ejaculate.
Motility
Sperm motility counts the amount of migrating sperms and classifies them based on their movement. Motility should range from 40 to 50%. A lower score may suggest toxic exposure due to smoking, drinking, chemicals from a profession or hobby, or caffeine. Low motility may potentially indicate hormonal issues or a varicocele (scrotal varicose veins).
Morphology
Morphology describes the shape and structure of the sperm. The percentage of normally shaped sperm is used to determine male fertility. A low concentration of normally shaped sperm can reduce the likelihood of conception.
pH
The pH level measures the acidity of the sperm. According to WHO guidelines, normal ranges between 7.2 to 7.8. A low pH implies that the semen is acidic, whereas a high pH suggests that it is alkaline. An incorrect pH can have an impact on the sperm’s health and mobility.
Fructose Level
Normal semen contains fructose, which provides energy to the sperms. The absence of fructose may indicate an issue with the seminal vesicles.
Liquefaction
Normal sperm is thick when ejaculated. Liquefaction time refers to how long it takes for it to become liquid. It should take approximately 20-30 minutes. If yours takes longer or does not become liquid at all, it may indicate a problem.
With male infertility accounting for 40-45% of infertility-related cases, it is critical for a couple to guarantee that both the male and the female undergo fertility testing. Acknowledge that the man’s fertility levels can help eliminate a number of factors regarded to be the cause of infertility in the relationship. The most significant test for male infertility is Routine Semen Analysis.
What to Expect Before a Sperm Analysis?
Prior to a semen analysis for fertility testing, a healthcare provider will review your medical history and do a physical exam, which may include a genital exam. They’ll request a sperm analysis and offer you instructions. You should refrain from engaging in any sexual activity for two to seven days prior to a semen analysis. This involves both sexual intercourse and masturbation. Refraining from sexual activity ensures that your sperm count is at its peak, resulting in the most accurate analysis.
What to Expect After a Sperm Analysis?
Following a semen analysis, a medical professional may arrange another test a few days or weeks later. Multiple semen analyses make it possible to acquire a more accurate picture of your sperm production. You should receive your semen analysis results back, a few days after delivering your sample.
What to Expect from the Results?
A laboratory will compare the properties of your sperm to the predicted values. Your sperm should contain:
- Active sperm with a single oval head and tail.
- A specific number of sperm.
- A pH that is not too acidic.
- Fluid that quickly transforms into a liquid and can pass through the female reproductive system.
Additional Tests to Determine Male Infertility
Semen analysis is not the only part of male infertility testing. Extra testing is often required to learn more. A doctor may order extra testing, such as:
- Blood testing: Blood testing can help identify hormone imbalances (including low testosterone) that may be affecting your sperm. They can also identify genetic causes of infertility, such as disorders affecting the Y chromosome. If something affects your Y chromosome, it can impair your body’s capacity to create sperm.
- Imaging testing: Imaging procedures, such as ultrasounds, are a noninvasive approach to evaluating your testicles and other reproductive organs. They can confirm or rule out obstructions that restrict your body from producing sperm.
Treatments for Male Infertility
Some cases of male infertility can be treated through lifestyle modifications. For example, a man’s underwear can have an impact on his sperm count. Diet can also cause issues with sperm composition and pH. Depending on your needs, you can address these issues further with your fertility professional.
If there are sperm count or motility difficulties, numerous reproductive treatments may be helpful. Both IVF and IUI can improve your chances of having a child. In some circumstances, using a sperm donor may be the most effective way to start a family. All of these possibilities can be discussed further during your visit to a fertility clinic.